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id="toggle-menu"><a class="site-page"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></nav><div id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">4o8-概述</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2020-07-07T02:34:35.000Z" title="发表于 2020-07-07 10:34:35">2020-07-07</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2020-07-09T13:17:48.606Z" title="更新于 2020-07-09 21:17:48">2020-07-09</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/StudyNotes/">StudyNotes</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">3.3k</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>10分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="4o8-是什么？"><a href="#4o8-是什么？" class="headerlink" title="4o8 是什么？"></a>4o8 是什么？</h1><p>既然已经下定决心考研，不如早点开始做准备了，目前已是大二暑假，不能浪费这黄金时间，打算开始着手准备考研科目。4o8 是我为准备 408 考试而准备的项目，我将会在考研前将一些我认为的考试的重点和复习中解决的问题进行归纳整理，总结的不完整或者有问题的地方可以指出，总之，一起学习一起进步，共勉，peace。</p>
<h1 id="4o8-项目地址"><a href="#4o8-项目地址" class="headerlink" title="4o8 项目地址"></a>4o8 项目地址</h1><a class="btn-beautify button--animated blue larger" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/jzhmcoo1/4o8" 
  title="4o8"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right fa-fw"></i><span>4o8</span></a>

<div class="note info flat"><p>我会将对应科目的考点进行罗列，并进行讲解与分析，所谓最好的输入就是输出，希望我在掌握了以后，能够用我自己的语言表达出来。本来是想都放在 github 上的，但是 github 的 md 语法不支持数学公式，所以决定把理论部分都放到个人博客上来，github 作代码仓。</p>
<p>注：以下部分来自于 2020 年的考纲，打*的章节不在考纲范围，但往往有助于理解</p>
</div>

<hr>
<h1 id="数据结构"><a href="#数据结构" class="headerlink" title="数据结构"></a>数据结构</h1><h2 id="一、绪论"><a href="#一、绪论" class="headerlink" title="*一、绪论"></a><a href="/2020/07/07/4o8-DataStructure-xulun">*一、绪论</a></h2><h3 id="（一）数据结构的基本概念"><a href="#（一）数据结构的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）数据结构的基本概念"></a>（一）<a href="/2020/07/07/4o8-DataStructure-xulun/#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5">数据结构的基本概念</a></h3><ul>
<li>数据、数据元素、数据对象、数据类型、数据结构</li>
<li>数据结构三要素<ol>
<li>逻辑结构</li>
<li>存储结构</li>
<li>数据的运算</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="（二）算法和算法效率的评价"><a href="#（二）算法和算法效率的评价" class="headerlink" title="（二）算法和算法效率的评价"></a>（二）<a href="/2020/07/07/4o8-DataStructure-xulun/#%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90">算法和算法效率的评价</a></h3><ul>
<li>算法定义</li>
<li>算法的五大特征<ul>
<li>有穷性</li>
<li>确定性</li>
<li>可行性</li>
<li>输入</li>
<li>输出</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>效率的度量<ul>
<li>时间复杂度</li>
<li>空间复杂度</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="二、线性表"><a href="#二、线性表" class="headerlink" title="二、线性表"></a>二、线性表</h2><h3 id="（一）线性表的定义和基本操作"><a href="#（一）线性表的定义和基本操作" class="headerlink" title="（一）线性表的定义和基本操作"></a>（一）线性表的定义和基本操作</h3><h3 id="（二）线性表的实现"><a href="#（二）线性表的实现" class="headerlink" title="（二）线性表的实现"></a>（二）线性表的实现</h3><ol>
<li>顺序存储</li>
<li>链式存储</li>
<li>线性表的应用</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="三、栈、队列和数组"><a href="#三、栈、队列和数组" class="headerlink" title="三、栈、队列和数组"></a>三、栈、队列和数组</h2><h3 id="（一）栈和队列的基本概念"><a href="#（一）栈和队列的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）栈和队列的基本概念"></a>（一）栈和队列的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）栈和队列的顺序存储结构"><a href="#（二）栈和队列的顺序存储结构" class="headerlink" title="（二）栈和队列的顺序存储结构"></a>（二）栈和队列的顺序存储结构</h3><h3 id="（三）栈和队列的链式存储结构"><a href="#（三）栈和队列的链式存储结构" class="headerlink" title="（三）栈和队列的链式存储结构"></a>（三）栈和队列的链式存储结构</h3><h3 id="（四）栈和队列的应用"><a href="#（四）栈和队列的应用" class="headerlink" title="（四）栈和队列的应用"></a>（四）栈和队列的应用</h3><h3 id="（五）特殊矩阵的压缩存储"><a href="#（五）特殊矩阵的压缩存储" class="headerlink" title="（五）特殊矩阵的压缩存储"></a>（五）特殊矩阵的压缩存储</h3><h2 id="四、树与二叉树"><a href="#四、树与二叉树" class="headerlink" title="四、树与二叉树"></a>四、树与二叉树</h2><h3 id="（一）树的基本概念"><a href="#（一）树的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）树的基本概念"></a>（一）树的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）二叉树"><a href="#（二）二叉树" class="headerlink" title="（二）二叉树"></a>（二）二叉树</h3><ol>
<li>二叉树的定义及其主要特征</li>
<li>二叉树的顺序存储结构和链式存储结构</li>
<li>二叉树的遍历</li>
<li>线索二叉树的基本概念和构造</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）树、森林"><a href="#（三）树、森林" class="headerlink" title="（三）树、森林"></a>（三）树、森林</h3><ol>
<li>树的存储结构</li>
<li>森林与二叉树的转换</li>
<li>树和森林的遍历</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）树与二叉树的应用"><a href="#（四）树与二叉树的应用" class="headerlink" title="（四）树与二叉树的应用"></a>（四）树与二叉树的应用</h3><ol>
<li>二叉排序树</li>
<li>平衡二叉树</li>
<li>哈夫曼（Huffman）树和哈夫曼编码</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="五、图"><a href="#五、图" class="headerlink" title="五、图"></a>五、图</h2><h3 id="（一）图的基本概念"><a href="#（一）图的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）图的基本概念"></a>（一）图的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）图的存储及基本操作"><a href="#（二）图的存储及基本操作" class="headerlink" title="（二）图的存储及基本操作"></a>（二）图的存储及基本操作</h3><ol>
<li>邻接矩阵法</li>
<li>邻接表法</li>
<li>邻接多重表、十字链表</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）图的遍历"><a href="#（三）图的遍历" class="headerlink" title="（三）图的遍历"></a>（三）图的遍历</h3><ol>
<li>深度优先搜索</li>
<li>广度优先搜索</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）图的基本应用"><a href="#（四）图的基本应用" class="headerlink" title="（四）图的基本应用"></a>（四）图的基本应用</h3><ol>
<li>最小生成树</li>
<li>最短路径</li>
<li>拓扑排序</li>
<li>关键路径</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="六、查找"><a href="#六、查找" class="headerlink" title="六、查找"></a>六、查找</h2><h3 id="（一）查找的基本概念"><a href="#（一）查找的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）查找的基本概念"></a>（一）查找的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）顺序查找法"><a href="#（二）顺序查找法" class="headerlink" title="（二）顺序查找法"></a>（二）顺序查找法</h3><h3 id="（三）分块查找法"><a href="#（三）分块查找法" class="headerlink" title="（三）分块查找法"></a>（三）分块查找法</h3><h3 id="（四）拆半查找法"><a href="#（四）拆半查找法" class="headerlink" title="（四）拆半查找法"></a>（四）拆半查找法</h3><h3 id="（五）B-树及其基本操作、B-树的基本概念"><a href="#（五）B-树及其基本操作、B-树的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（五）B 树及其基本操作、B+树的基本概念"></a>（五）B 树及其基本操作、B+树的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（六）散列（Hash）表"><a href="#（六）散列（Hash）表" class="headerlink" title="（六）散列（Hash）表"></a>（六）散列（Hash）表</h3><h3 id="（七）字符串模式匹配"><a href="#（七）字符串模式匹配" class="headerlink" title="（七）字符串模式匹配"></a>（七）字符串模式匹配</h3><h3 id="（八）查找算法的分析及其应用"><a href="#（八）查找算法的分析及其应用" class="headerlink" title="（八）查找算法的分析及其应用"></a>（八）查找算法的分析及其应用</h3><h2 id="七、排序"><a href="#七、排序" class="headerlink" title="七、排序"></a>七、排序</h2><h3 id="（一）排序的基本概念"><a href="#（一）排序的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）排序的基本概念"></a>（一）排序的基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）插入排序"><a href="#（二）插入排序" class="headerlink" title="（二）插入排序"></a>（二）插入排序</h3><ol>
<li>直接插入排序</li>
<li>拆半插入排序</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）起泡排序（BubbleSort）"><a href="#（三）起泡排序（BubbleSort）" class="headerlink" title="（三）起泡排序（BubbleSort）"></a>（三）起泡排序（BubbleSort）</h3><h3 id="（四）简单选择排序"><a href="#（四）简单选择排序" class="headerlink" title="（四）简单选择排序"></a>（四）简单选择排序</h3><h3 id="（五）希尔排序（ShellSort）"><a href="#（五）希尔排序（ShellSort）" class="headerlink" title="（五）希尔排序（ShellSort）"></a>（五）希尔排序（ShellSort）</h3><h3 id="（六）快速排序"><a href="#（六）快速排序" class="headerlink" title="（六）快速排序"></a>（六）快速排序</h3><h3 id="（七）堆排序"><a href="#（七）堆排序" class="headerlink" title="（七）堆排序"></a>（七）堆排序</h3><h3 id="（八）二路归并排序（MergeSort）"><a href="#（八）二路归并排序（MergeSort）" class="headerlink" title="（八）二路归并排序（MergeSort）"></a>（八）二路归并排序（MergeSort）</h3><h3 id="（九）基数排序"><a href="#（九）基数排序" class="headerlink" title="（九）基数排序"></a>（九）基数排序</h3><h3 id="（十）外部排序"><a href="#（十）外部排序" class="headerlink" title="（十）外部排序"></a>（十）外部排序</h3><h3 id="（十一）各种排序算法的比较"><a href="#（十一）各种排序算法的比较" class="headerlink" title="（十一）各种排序算法的比较"></a>（十一）各种排序算法的比较</h3><h3 id="（十二）排序算法的应用"><a href="#（十二）排序算法的应用" class="headerlink" title="（十二）排序算法的应用"></a>（十二）排序算法的应用</h3><hr>
<h1 id="计算机组成原理"><a href="#计算机组成原理" class="headerlink" title="计算机组成原理"></a>计算机组成原理</h1><h2 id="一、计算机系统概述"><a href="#一、计算机系统概述" class="headerlink" title="一、计算机系统概述"></a>一、计算机系统概述</h2><h3 id="（一）计算机发展历程"><a href="#（一）计算机发展历程" class="headerlink" title="（一）计算机发展历程"></a>（一）计算机发展历程</h3><h3 id="（二）计算机系统层次结构"><a href="#（二）计算机系统层次结构" class="headerlink" title="（二）计算机系统层次结构"></a>（二）计算机系统层次结构</h3><ol>
<li>计算机系统的基本组成</li>
<li>计算机硬件的基本组成</li>
<li>计算机软件和硬件的关系</li>
<li>计算机系统的工作过程</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）计算机性能指标"><a href="#（三）计算机性能指标" class="headerlink" title="（三）计算机性能指标"></a>（三）计算机性能指标</h3><p>吞吐量、响应时间，CPU 时钟周期、主频、CPI、CPU 执行时间，MIPS、MFLOPS、GFLOPS、TFLOPS、PFLOPS。</p>
<h2 id="二、数据的表示和运算"><a href="#二、数据的表示和运算" class="headerlink" title="二、数据的表示和运算"></a>二、数据的表示和运算</h2><h3 id="（一）数制与编码"><a href="#（一）数制与编码" class="headerlink" title="（一）数制与编码"></a>（一）数制与编码</h3><ol>
<li>进位计数制及其相互转换</li>
<li>真值和机器数</li>
<li>BCD 码</li>
<li>字符与字符串</li>
<li>校验码</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）定点数的表示和运算"><a href="#（二）定点数的表示和运算" class="headerlink" title="（二）定点数的表示和运算"></a>（二）定点数的表示和运算</h3><ol>
<li><p>定点数的表示</p>
<p> 无符号数的表示，带符号整数的表示</p>
</li>
<li><p>定点数的运算</p>
<p> 定点数的移位运算，原码定点数的加/减运算，补码定点数的加/减运算，定点数的乘/除运算，溢出的概念和判别方法。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）浮点数的表示和运算"><a href="#（三）浮点数的表示和运算" class="headerlink" title="（三）浮点数的表示和运算"></a>（三）浮点数的表示和运算</h3><ol>
<li><p>浮点数的表示</p>
<p> IEEE 754标准</p>
</li>
<li><p>浮点数的加/减运算</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）算术逻辑单元-ALU"><a href="#（四）算术逻辑单元-ALU" class="headerlink" title="（四）算术逻辑单元 ALU"></a>（四）算术逻辑单元 ALU</h3><ol>
<li>串行加法器和并行加法器</li>
<li>算术逻辑单元 ALU 的功能和结构</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="三、存储器层次结构"><a href="#三、存储器层次结构" class="headerlink" title="三、存储器层次结构"></a>三、存储器层次结构</h2><h3 id="（一）存储器的分类"><a href="#（一）存储器的分类" class="headerlink" title="（一）存储器的分类"></a>（一）存储器的分类</h3><h3 id="（二）存储器的层次化结构"><a href="#（二）存储器的层次化结构" class="headerlink" title="（二）存储器的层次化结构"></a>（二）存储器的层次化结构</h3><h3 id="（三）半导体随机存储器"><a href="#（三）半导体随机存储器" class="headerlink" title="（三）半导体随机存储器"></a>（三）半导体随机存储器</h3><ol>
<li>SRAM 存储器</li>
<li>DRAM 存储器</li>
<li>只读存储器</li>
<li>Flash 存储器</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）主存储器与-CPU-的连接"><a href="#（四）主存储器与-CPU-的连接" class="headerlink" title="（四）主存储器与 CPU 的连接"></a>（四）主存储器与 CPU 的连接</h3><h3 id="（五）双口-RAM-和多模块存储器"><a href="#（五）双口-RAM-和多模块存储器" class="headerlink" title="（五）双口 RAM 和多模块存储器"></a>（五）双口 RAM 和多模块存储器</h3><h3 id="（六）高速缓冲存储器（cache）"><a href="#（六）高速缓冲存储器（cache）" class="headerlink" title="（六）高速缓冲存储器（cache）"></a>（六）高速缓冲存储器（cache）</h3><ol>
<li>cache 的基本工作原理</li>
<li>cache 和主存之间的映射方式</li>
<li>cache 中主存块的替换算法</li>
<li>cache 写策略</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（七）虚拟存储器"><a href="#（七）虚拟存储器" class="headerlink" title="（七）虚拟存储器"></a>（七）虚拟存储器</h3><ol>
<li>虚拟存储器的基本概念</li>
<li>页式虚拟存储器</li>
<li>段式讯存储器</li>
<li>段页式虚拟存储器</li>
<li>TLB（快表）</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="四、指令系统"><a href="#四、指令系统" class="headerlink" title="四、指令系统"></a>四、指令系统</h2><h3 id="（一）指令格式"><a href="#（一）指令格式" class="headerlink" title="（一）指令格式"></a>（一）指令格式</h3><ol>
<li>指令的基本格式</li>
<li>定长操作码指令格式</li>
<li>扩展操作码指令格式</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）指令的寻址方式"><a href="#（二）指令的寻址方式" class="headerlink" title="（二）指令的寻址方式"></a>（二）指令的寻址方式</h3><ol>
<li>有效地址的概念</li>
<li>数据寻址和指令寻址</li>
<li>常见寻址方式</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）CISC-和-RISC-的基本概念"><a href="#（三）CISC-和-RISC-的基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（三）CISC 和 RISC 的基本概念"></a>（三）CISC 和 RISC 的基本概念</h3><h2 id="五、中央处理器（CPU）"><a href="#五、中央处理器（CPU）" class="headerlink" title="五、中央处理器（CPU）"></a>五、中央处理器（CPU）</h2><h3 id="（一）CPU-的功能和基本结构"><a href="#（一）CPU-的功能和基本结构" class="headerlink" title="（一）CPU 的功能和基本结构"></a>（一）CPU 的功能和基本结构</h3><h3 id="（二）指令执行过程"><a href="#（二）指令执行过程" class="headerlink" title="（二）指令执行过程"></a>（二）指令执行过程</h3><h3 id="（三）数据通路的功能和基本结构"><a href="#（三）数据通路的功能和基本结构" class="headerlink" title="（三）数据通路的功能和基本结构"></a>（三）数据通路的功能和基本结构</h3><h3 id="（四）控制器的功能和工作原理"><a href="#（四）控制器的功能和工作原理" class="headerlink" title="（四）控制器的功能和工作原理"></a>（四）控制器的功能和工作原理</h3><ol>
<li><p>硬布线控制器</p>
</li>
<li><p>微程序控制器</p>
<p> 微程序、微指令和微命令，微指令格式，微命令的编码方式，微地址的形成方式。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（五）指令流水线"><a href="#（五）指令流水线" class="headerlink" title="（五）指令流水线"></a>（五）指令流水线</h3><ol>
<li>指令流水线的基本概念</li>
<li>指令流水线的基本实现</li>
<li>超标量和动态流水线的基本概念</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="六、总线"><a href="#六、总线" class="headerlink" title="六、总线"></a>六、总线</h2><h3 id="（一）总线概述"><a href="#（一）总线概述" class="headerlink" title="（一）总线概述"></a>（一）总线概述</h3><ol>
<li>总线的基本概念</li>
<li>总线的分类</li>
<li>总线的组成及其性能指标</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）总线仲裁"><a href="#（二）总线仲裁" class="headerlink" title="（二）总线仲裁"></a>（二）总线仲裁</h3><ol>
<li>集中仲裁方式</li>
<li>分布仲裁方式</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）总线操作和定时"><a href="#（三）总线操作和定时" class="headerlink" title="（三）总线操作和定时"></a>（三）总线操作和定时</h3><ol>
<li>同步定时方式</li>
<li>异步定时方式</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）总线标准"><a href="#（四）总线标准" class="headerlink" title="（四）总线标准"></a>（四）总线标准</h3><h2 id="七、输入输出（I-O）系统"><a href="#七、输入输出（I-O）系统" class="headerlink" title="七、输入输出（I/O）系统"></a>七、输入输出（I/O）系统</h2><h3 id="（一）I-O-系统基本概念"><a href="#（一）I-O-系统基本概念" class="headerlink" title="（一）I/O 系统基本概念"></a>（一）I/O 系统基本概念</h3><h3 id="（二）外部设备"><a href="#（二）外部设备" class="headerlink" title="（二）外部设备"></a>（二）外部设备</h3><ol>
<li>输入设备：键盘、鼠标</li>
<li>输出设备：显示器、打印机</li>
<li>外存储器：硬盘存储器、磁盘列阵、光盘存储器</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）I-O-接口（I-O-控制器）"><a href="#（三）I-O-接口（I-O-控制器）" class="headerlink" title="（三）I/O 接口（I/O 控制器）"></a>（三）I/O 接口（I/O 控制器）</h3><ol>
<li>I/O 接口的功能和基本结构</li>
<li>I/O 端口及其编址</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）I-O-方式"><a href="#（四）I-O-方式" class="headerlink" title="（四）I/O 方式"></a>（四）I/O 方式</h3><ol>
<li><p>程序查询方式</p>
</li>
<li><p>程序中断方式</p>
<p> 中断的基本概念，中断响应过程，中断处理过程，多重中断和中断屏蔽的概念。</p>
</li>
<li><p>DMA 方式</p>
<p> DMA 控制器的组成，DMA 传送过程</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h1 id="操作系统"><a href="#操作系统" class="headerlink" title="操作系统"></a>操作系统</h1><h2 id="一、操作系统概述"><a href="#一、操作系统概述" class="headerlink" title="一、操作系统概述"></a>一、操作系统概述</h2><h3 id="（一）操作系统的概念、特征、功能和提供的服务"><a href="#（一）操作系统的概念、特征、功能和提供的服务" class="headerlink" title="（一）操作系统的概念、特征、功能和提供的服务"></a>（一）操作系统的概念、特征、功能和提供的服务</h3><h3 id="（二）操作系统的发展与分类"><a href="#（二）操作系统的发展与分类" class="headerlink" title="（二）操作系统的发展与分类"></a>（二）操作系统的发展与分类</h3><h3 id="（三）操作系统的运行环境"><a href="#（三）操作系统的运行环境" class="headerlink" title="（三）操作系统的运行环境"></a>（三）操作系统的运行环境</h3><ol>
<li>内核态和用户态</li>
<li>中断、异常</li>
<li>系统调用</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）操作系统体系结构"><a href="#（四）操作系统体系结构" class="headerlink" title="（四）操作系统体系结构"></a>（四）操作系统体系结构</h3><h2 id="二、进程管理"><a href="#二、进程管理" class="headerlink" title="二、进程管理"></a>二、进程管理</h2><h3 id="（一）进程与线程"><a href="#（一）进程与线程" class="headerlink" title="（一）进程与线程"></a>（一）进程与线程</h3><ol>
<li><p>进程概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>进程的状态与转换</p>
</li>
<li><p>进程控制</p>
</li>
<li><p>进程组织</p>
</li>
<li><p>进程通信</p>
<p> 共享存储系统，消息传递系统，管道通信</p>
</li>
<li><p>线程概念与多线程模型</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）处理机调度"><a href="#（二）处理机调度" class="headerlink" title="（二）处理机调度"></a>（二）处理机调度</h3><ol>
<li><p>调度的基本概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>调度时机、切换与过程</p>
</li>
<li><p>调度的基本准则</p>
</li>
<li><p>调度方式</p>
</li>
<li><p>典型调度算法</p>
<p> 先来先服务、短作业优先、时间片轮转、优先级调度、高响应比调度、多级反馈队列</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）同步与互斥"><a href="#（三）同步与互斥" class="headerlink" title="（三）同步与互斥"></a>（三）同步与互斥</h3><ol>
<li><p>进程同步的基本概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>实现临界区互斥的基本方法</p>
<p> 软件实现、硬件实现</p>
</li>
<li><p>信号量</p>
</li>
<li><p>管程</p>
</li>
<li><p>经典同步问题</p>
<p> 生产者-消费者问题、读者-写者问题、哲学家进餐问题</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）死锁"><a href="#（四）死锁" class="headerlink" title="（四）死锁"></a>（四）死锁</h3><ol>
<li><p>死锁概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>死锁处理策略</p>
</li>
<li><p>死锁预防</p>
</li>
<li><p>死锁避免</p>
<p> 系统安全状态，银行家算法</p>
</li>
<li><p>死锁检测和解除</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="三、内存管理"><a href="#三、内存管理" class="headerlink" title="三、内存管理"></a>三、内存管理</h2><h3 id="（一）内存管理基础"><a href="#（一）内存管理基础" class="headerlink" title="（一）内存管理基础"></a>（一）内存管理基础</h3><ol>
<li><p>内存管理概念</p>
<p> 程序装入与链接，逻辑地址与物理地址空间，内存保护</p>
</li>
<li><p>交换与覆盖</p>
</li>
<li><p>连续分配管理方式</p>
</li>
<li><p>非连续分配管理方式</p>
<p> 分页管理方式，分段管理方式，段页式管理方式</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）虚拟内存管理"><a href="#（二）虚拟内存管理" class="headerlink" title="（二）虚拟内存管理"></a>（二）虚拟内存管理</h3><ol>
<li><p>虚拟内存基本概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>请求分页管理</p>
</li>
<li><p>页面置换算法</p>
<p> 最佳置换算法（OPT)、先进先出置换算法（FIFO）、最近最少使用置换算法（LRU）、时钟置换算法（Clock）</p>
</li>
<li><p>页面分配策略</p>
</li>
<li><p>工作集</p>
</li>
<li><p>抖动</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="四、文件管理"><a href="#四、文件管理" class="headerlink" title="四、文件管理"></a>四、文件管理</h2><h3 id="（一）文件系统基础"><a href="#（一）文件系统基础" class="headerlink" title="（一）文件系统基础"></a>（一）文件系统基础</h3><ol>
<li><p>文件概念</p>
</li>
<li><p>文件的逻辑结构</p>
<p> 顺序文件、索引文件、索引顺序文件</p>
</li>
<li><p>目录结构</p>
<p> 文件控制块和索引节点，单级目录结构和两级目录结构，树形目录结构，图形目录结构。</p>
</li>
<li><p>文件共享</p>
</li>
<li><p>文件保护</p>
<p> 访问类型，访问控制</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）文件系统实现"><a href="#（二）文件系统实现" class="headerlink" title="（二）文件系统实现"></a>（二）文件系统实现</h3><ol>
<li>文件系统层次结构</li>
<li>目录实现</li>
<li>文件实现</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）磁盘组织与管理"><a href="#（三）磁盘组织与管理" class="headerlink" title="（三）磁盘组织与管理"></a>（三）磁盘组织与管理</h3><ol>
<li>磁盘的结构</li>
<li>磁盘调度算法</li>
<li>磁盘的管理</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="五、输入输出（I-O）管理"><a href="#五、输入输出（I-O）管理" class="headerlink" title="五、输入输出（I/O）管理"></a>五、输入输出（I/O）管理</h2><h3 id="（一）I-O-管理概述"><a href="#（一）I-O-管理概述" class="headerlink" title="（一）I/O 管理概述"></a>（一）I/O 管理概述</h3><ol>
<li>I/O 控制方式</li>
<li>I/O 软件层次结构</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）I-O-核心子系统"><a href="#（二）I-O-核心子系统" class="headerlink" title="（二）I/O 核心子系统"></a>（二）I/O 核心子系统</h3><ol>
<li>I/O 调度概念</li>
<li>高速缓存与缓冲区</li>
<li>设备分配与回收</li>
<li>假脱机技术（SPOOLing）</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h1 id="计算机网络"><a href="#计算机网络" class="headerlink" title="计算机网络"></a>计算机网络</h1><h2 id="一、计算机网络体系结构"><a href="#一、计算机网络体系结构" class="headerlink" title="一、计算机网络体系结构"></a>一、计算机网络体系结构</h2><h3 id="（一）计算机网络概述"><a href="#（一）计算机网络概述" class="headerlink" title="（一）计算机网络概述"></a>（一）计算机网络概述</h3><ol>
<li>计算机网络的概念、组成与功能</li>
<li>计算机网络的分类</li>
<li>计算机网络的标准化工作及相关组织</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）计算机网络体系结构与参考模型"><a href="#（二）计算机网络体系结构与参考模型" class="headerlink" title="（二）计算机网络体系结构与参考模型"></a>（二）计算机网络体系结构与参考模型</h3><ol>
<li>计算机网络分层结构</li>
<li>计算机网络协议、接口、服务等概念</li>
<li>ISO/OSI参考模型和 TCP/IP 模型</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="二、物理层"><a href="#二、物理层" class="headerlink" title="二、物理层"></a>二、物理层</h2><h3 id="（一）通信基础"><a href="#（一）通信基础" class="headerlink" title="（一）通信基础"></a>（一）通信基础</h3><ol>
<li>信道、信号、带宽、码元、波特、速率与信宿等基本元素</li>
<li>奈奎斯特定理与香浓定理</li>
<li>编码与调制</li>
<li>电路交换、报文交换与分组交换</li>
<li>数据报与虚电路</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）传输介质"><a href="#（二）传输介质" class="headerlink" title="（二）传输介质"></a>（二）传输介质</h3><ol>
<li>双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤与无线传输介质</li>
<li>物理层接口的特性</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）物理层设备"><a href="#（三）物理层设备" class="headerlink" title="（三）物理层设备"></a>（三）物理层设备</h3><ol>
<li>中继器</li>
<li>集线器</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="三、数据链路层"><a href="#三、数据链路层" class="headerlink" title="三、数据链路层"></a>三、数据链路层</h2><h3 id="（一-）数据链路层的功能"><a href="#（一-）数据链路层的功能" class="headerlink" title="（一 ）数据链路层的功能"></a>（一 ）数据链路层的功能</h3><h3 id="（二）组帧"><a href="#（二）组帧" class="headerlink" title="（二）组帧"></a>（二）组帧</h3><h3 id="（三）差错控制"><a href="#（三）差错控制" class="headerlink" title="（三）差错控制"></a>（三）差错控制</h3><ol>
<li>验错编码</li>
<li>纠错编码</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）流量控制与可靠传输机制"><a href="#（四）流量控制与可靠传输机制" class="headerlink" title="（四）流量控制与可靠传输机制"></a>（四）流量控制与可靠传输机制</h3><ol>
<li>流量控制、可靠传输与滑动窗口机制</li>
<li>停止-等待协议</li>
<li>后退 N 帧协议（GBN）</li>
<li>选择重传协议（SR)</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（五）介质访问控制"><a href="#（五）介质访问控制" class="headerlink" title="（五）介质访问控制"></a>（五）介质访问控制</h3><ol>
<li><p>信道划分</p>
<p> 频分多路复用、时分多路分用、波分多路复用、码分多路复用的概念和基本原理。</p>
</li>
<li><p>随机访问</p>
<p> ALOHA 协议，CSMA 协议，CSMA/CD 协议，CSMA/CA协议</p>
</li>
<li><p>轮询访问</p>
<p> 令牌传递协议</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（六）局域网"><a href="#（六）局域网" class="headerlink" title="（六）局域网"></a>（六）局域网</h3><ol>
<li>局域网的基本概念与体系结构</li>
<li>以太网与 IEEE 802.3</li>
<li>IEEE 802.11</li>
<li>令牌环网的基本原理</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（七）广域网"><a href="#（七）广域网" class="headerlink" title="（七）广域网"></a>（七）广域网</h3><ol>
<li>广域网的基本概念</li>
<li>PPP 协议</li>
<li>HDLC 协议</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（八）数据链路层设备"><a href="#（八）数据链路层设备" class="headerlink" title="（八）数据链路层设备"></a>（八）数据链路层设备</h3><ol>
<li>网桥的概念及其基本原理</li>
<li>局域网交换机及其工作原理</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="四、网络层"><a href="#四、网络层" class="headerlink" title="四、网络层"></a>四、网络层</h2><h3 id="（一）网络层的功能"><a href="#（一）网络层的功能" class="headerlink" title="（一）网络层的功能"></a>（一）网络层的功能</h3><ol>
<li>异构网络互连</li>
<li>路由与转发</li>
<li>拥塞控制</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）路由算法"><a href="#（二）路由算法" class="headerlink" title="（二）路由算法"></a>（二）路由算法</h3><ol>
<li>静态路由与动态路由</li>
<li>距离——向量路由算法</li>
<li>链路状态路由算法</li>
<li>层次路由</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）IPv4"><a href="#（三）IPv4" class="headerlink" title="（三）IPv4"></a>（三）IPv4</h3><ol>
<li>IPv4 分组</li>
<li>IPv4 地址与 NAT</li>
<li>子网划分、路由聚集、子网掩码与 CIDR</li>
<li>ARP 协议、DHCP 协议、ICMP 协议</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）IPv6"><a href="#（四）IPv6" class="headerlink" title="（四）IPv6"></a>（四）IPv6</h3><ol>
<li>IPv6 的主要特点</li>
<li>IPv6 地址</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（五）路由协议"><a href="#（五）路由协议" class="headerlink" title="（五）路由协议"></a>（五）路由协议</h3><ol>
<li>自治系统</li>
<li>域内路由与域间路由</li>
<li>RIP 路由协议</li>
<li>OSPF 路由协议</li>
<li>BGP 路由协议</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（六）IP-组播"><a href="#（六）IP-组播" class="headerlink" title="（六）IP 组播"></a>（六）IP 组播</h3><ol>
<li>组播的概念</li>
<li>IP 组播地址</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（七）移动-IP"><a href="#（七）移动-IP" class="headerlink" title="（七）移动 IP"></a>（七）移动 IP</h3><ol>
<li>移动 IP 的概念</li>
<li>移动 IP 通信过程</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（八）网络层设备"><a href="#（八）网络层设备" class="headerlink" title="（八）网络层设备"></a>（八）网络层设备</h3><ol>
<li>路由器的组成与功能</li>
<li>路由表与路由转发</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="五、传输层"><a href="#五、传输层" class="headerlink" title="五、传输层"></a>五、传输层</h2><h3 id="（一）传输层提供的服务"><a href="#（一）传输层提供的服务" class="headerlink" title="（一）传输层提供的服务"></a>（一）传输层提供的服务</h3><ol>
<li>传输层的功能</li>
<li>传输层寻址与端口</li>
<li>无连接服务与面向连接服务</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）UDP-协议"><a href="#（二）UDP-协议" class="headerlink" title="（二）UDP 协议"></a>（二）UDP 协议</h3><ol>
<li>UDP 数据报</li>
<li>UDP 校验</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）TCP-协议"><a href="#（三）TCP-协议" class="headerlink" title="（三）TCP 协议"></a>（三）TCP 协议</h3><ol>
<li>TCP 段</li>
<li>TCP 连接管理</li>
<li>TCP 可靠传输</li>
<li>TCP 流量控制与拥塞控制</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="六、应用层"><a href="#六、应用层" class="headerlink" title="六、应用层"></a>六、应用层</h2><h3 id="（一）网络应用模型"><a href="#（一）网络应用模型" class="headerlink" title="（一）网络应用模型"></a>（一）网络应用模型</h3><ol>
<li>客户/服务器模型</li>
<li>P2P 模型</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（二）DNS-系统"><a href="#（二）DNS-系统" class="headerlink" title="（二）DNS 系统"></a>（二）DNS 系统</h3><ol>
<li>层次域名空间</li>
<li>域名服务器</li>
<li>域名解析过程</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（三）FTP"><a href="#（三）FTP" class="headerlink" title="（三）FTP"></a>（三）FTP</h3><ol>
<li>FTP 协议的工作原理</li>
<li>控制连接与数据连接</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（四）电子邮件"><a href="#（四）电子邮件" class="headerlink" title="（四）电子邮件"></a>（四）电子邮件</h3><ol>
<li>电子邮件系统的组织结构</li>
<li>电子邮件格式与 MIME</li>
<li>SMTP 协议与 POP3 协议</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="（五）WWW"><a href="#（五）WWW" class="headerlink" title="（五）WWW"></a>（五）WWW</h3><ol>
<li>WWW 的概念与组成结构</li>
<li>HTTP 协议</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h1><ul>
<li><p>《2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试计算机科学与技术学科联考计算机学科专业基础综合考试大纲》</p>
</li>
<li><p>《数据结构 （C语言版）》 严蔚敏</p>
</li>
<li><p>《计算机组成原理（第 2 版）》唐朔飞</p>
</li>
<li><p>《计算机操作系统（第四版）》汤小丹</p>
</li>
<li><p>《计算机网络（第 7 版）》谢仁希</p>
</li>
<li><p>《数据结构考研复习指导》王道</p>
</li>
<li><p>《计算机组成原理考研复习指导》王道</p>
</li>
<li><p>《操作系统考研复习指导》王道</p>
</li>
<li><p>《计算机网络考研复习指导》王道</p>
</li>
</ul>
</article><div class="post-copyright"><div class="post-copyright__author"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章作者: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="mailto:undefined">lixing</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__type"><span class="post-copyright-meta">文章链接: </span><span class="post-copyright-info"><a href="https://www.lihangzhu.com/2020/07/07/4o8/">https://www.lihangzhu.com/2020/07/07/4o8/</a></span></div><div class="post-copyright__notice"><span class="post-copyright-meta">版权声明: </span><span class="post-copyright-info">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</a> 许可协议。转载请注明来自 <a href="https://www.lihangzhu.com" target="_blank">jzhmcoo1</a>！</span></div></div><div class="tag_share"><div class="post-meta__tag-list"><a class="post-meta__tags" href="/tags/408/">408</a></div><div class="post_share"><div class="social-share" 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card-announcement-animation"></i><span>公告</span></div><div class="announcement_content">真正的大师,永远都怀着一颗学徒的心</div></div><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span></div><div class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#4o8-%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">4o8 是什么？</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#4o8-%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">4o8 项目地址</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">数据结构</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E7%BB%AA%E8%AE%BA"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">*一、绪论</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）数据结构的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7"><span class="toc-number">3.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）算法和算法效率的评价</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">二、线性表</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C"><span class="toc-number">3.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）线性表的定义和基本操作</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0"><span class="toc-number">3.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）线性表的实现</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%A0%88%E3%80%81%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E5%92%8C%E6%95%B0%E7%BB%84"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">三、栈、队列和数组</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%88%E5%92%8C%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）栈和队列的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%88%E5%92%8C%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">3.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）栈和队列的顺序存储结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%88%E5%92%8C%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E9%93%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">3.3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）栈和队列的链式存储结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%88%E5%92%8C%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）栈和队列的应用</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）特殊矩阵的压缩存储</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E6%A0%91%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91"><span class="toc-number">3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">四、树与二叉树</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）树的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91"><span class="toc-number">3.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）二叉树</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%91%E3%80%81%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97"><span class="toc-number">3.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）树、森林</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%A0%91%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%89%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）树与二叉树的应用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BE"><span class="toc-number">3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">五、图</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）图的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%8F%8A%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C"><span class="toc-number">3.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）图的存储及基本操作</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86"><span class="toc-number">3.5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）图的遍历</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.5.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）图的基本应用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%AD%E3%80%81%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE"><span class="toc-number">3.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">六、查找</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）查找的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">3.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）顺序查找法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%88%86%E5%9D%97%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">3.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）分块查找法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%8B%86%E5%8D%8A%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">3.6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）拆半查找法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89B-%E6%A0%91%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E3%80%81B-%E6%A0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.6.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）B 树及其基本操作、B+树的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%89%E6%95%A3%E5%88%97%EF%BC%88Hash%EF%BC%89%E8%A1%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.6.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">（六）散列（Hash）表</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E4%B8%B2%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D"><span class="toc-number">3.6.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">（七）字符串模式匹配</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AB%EF%BC%89%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.6.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">（八）查找算法的分析及其应用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%83%E3%80%81%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">七、排序</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">3.7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）排序的基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）插入排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E8%B5%B7%E6%B3%A1%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%EF%BC%88BubbleSort%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">3.7.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）起泡排序（BubbleSort）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）简单选择排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%EF%BC%88ShellSort%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">3.7.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）希尔排序（ShellSort）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%89%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">（六）快速排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E5%A0%86%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">（七）堆排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AB%EF%BC%89%E4%BA%8C%E8%B7%AF%E5%BD%92%E5%B9%B6%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%EF%BC%88MergeSort%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">3.7.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">（八）二路归并排序（MergeSort）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%EF%BC%89%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">（九）基数排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%81%EF%BC%89%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.7.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">（十）外部排序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E5%90%84%E7%A7%8D%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83"><span class="toc-number">3.7.11.</span> <span class="toc-text">（十一）各种排序算法的比较</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">3.7.12.</span> <span class="toc-text">（十二）排序算法的应用</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机组成原理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">一、计算机系统概述</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">4.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）计算机发展历程</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">4.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）计算机系统层次结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87"><span class="toc-number">4.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）计算机性能指标</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97"><span class="toc-number">4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">二、数据的表示和运算</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%95%B0%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">4.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）数制与编码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E5%AE%9A%E7%82%B9%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97"><span class="toc-number">4.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）定点数的表示和运算</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%B5%AE%E7%82%B9%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97"><span class="toc-number">4.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）浮点数的表示和运算</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83-ALU"><span class="toc-number">4.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）算术逻辑单元 ALU</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">三、存储器层次结构</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">4.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）存储器的分类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">4.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）存储器的层次化结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）半导体随机存储器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8E-CPU-%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5"><span class="toc-number">4.3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）主存储器与 CPU 的连接</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E5%8F%8C%E5%8F%A3-RAM-%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）双口 RAM 和多模块存储器</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%89%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%88cache%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">4.3.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">（六）高速缓冲存储器（cache）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.3.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">（七）虚拟存储器</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">四、指令系统</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）指令格式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%BB%E5%9D%80%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）指令的寻址方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89CISC-%E5%92%8C-RISC-%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">4.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）CISC 和 RISC 的基本概念</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%88CPU%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">4.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">五、中央处理器（CPU）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89CPU-%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">4.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）CPU 的功能和基本结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">4.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）指令执行过程</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%B7%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">4.5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）数据通路的功能和基本结构</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">4.5.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）控制器的功能和工作原理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4%E7%BA%BF"><span class="toc-number">4.5.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）指令流水线</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%AD%E3%80%81%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF"><span class="toc-number">4.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">六、总线</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0"><span class="toc-number">4.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）总线概述</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81"><span class="toc-number">4.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）总线仲裁</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%9A%E6%97%B6"><span class="toc-number">4.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）总线操作和定时</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86"><span class="toc-number">4.6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）总线标准</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%83%E3%80%81%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%EF%BC%88I-O%EF%BC%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">4.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">七、输入输出（I&#x2F;O）系统</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89I-O-%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5"><span class="toc-number">4.7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）I&#x2F;O 系统基本概念</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">4.7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）外部设备</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89I-O-%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%EF%BC%88I-O-%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%99%A8%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">4.7.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）I&#x2F;O 接口（I&#x2F;O 控制器）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89I-O-%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.7.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）I&#x2F;O 方式</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">操作系统</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0"><span class="toc-number">5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">一、操作系统概述</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%80%81%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E3%80%81%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%92%8C%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1"><span class="toc-number">5.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）操作系统的概念、特征、功能和提供的服务</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-number">5.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）操作系统的发展与分类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83"><span class="toc-number">5.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）操作系统的运行环境</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">5.1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）操作系统体系结构</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">二、进程管理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">5.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）进程与线程</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E6%9C%BA%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6"><span class="toc-number">5.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）处理机调度</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5"><span class="toc-number">5.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）同步与互斥</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%AD%BB%E9%94%81"><span class="toc-number">5.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）死锁</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">三、内存管理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">5.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）内存管理基础</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）虚拟内存管理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">四、文件管理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">5.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）文件系统基础</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0"><span class="toc-number">5.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）文件系统实现</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）磁盘组织与管理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E8%BE%93%E5%85%A5%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%EF%BC%88I-O%EF%BC%89%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">5.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">五、输入输出（I&#x2F;O）管理</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89I-O-%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0"><span class="toc-number">5.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）I&#x2F;O 管理概述</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89I-O-%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">5.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）I&#x2F;O 核心子系统</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">计算机网络</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">一、计算机网络体系结构</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0"><span class="toc-number">6.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）计算机网络概述</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">6.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）计算机网络体系结构与参考模型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82"><span class="toc-number">6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">二、物理层</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80"><span class="toc-number">6.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）通信基础</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8"><span class="toc-number">6.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）传输介质</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">6.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）物理层设备</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%B1%82"><span class="toc-number">6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">三、数据链路层</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80-%EF%BC%89%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD"><span class="toc-number">6.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一 ）数据链路层的功能</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E7%BB%84%E5%B8%A7"><span class="toc-number">6.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）组帧</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B7%AE%E9%94%99%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6"><span class="toc-number">6.3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）差错控制</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6"><span class="toc-number">6.3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）流量控制与可靠传输机制</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6"><span class="toc-number">6.3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）介质访问控制</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%89%E5%B1%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%BD%91"><span class="toc-number">6.3.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">（六）局域网</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E5%B9%BF%E5%9F%9F%E7%BD%91"><span class="toc-number">6.3.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">（七）广域网</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AB%EF%BC%89%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">6.3.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">（八）数据链路层设备</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%81%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82"><span class="toc-number">6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">四、网络层</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD"><span class="toc-number">6.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）网络层的功能</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">6.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）路由算法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89IPv4"><span class="toc-number">6.4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）IPv4</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89IPv6"><span class="toc-number">6.4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）IPv6</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">6.4.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）路由协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AD%EF%BC%89IP-%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD"><span class="toc-number">6.4.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">（六）IP 组播</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8-IP"><span class="toc-number">6.4.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">（七）移动 IP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AB%EF%BC%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">6.4.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">（八）网络层设备</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82"><span class="toc-number">6.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">五、传输层</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1"><span class="toc-number">6.5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）传输层提供的服务</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89UDP-%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">6.5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）UDP 协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89TCP-%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">6.5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）TCP 协议</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%AD%E3%80%81%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%B1%82"><span class="toc-number">6.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">六、应用层</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">6.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">（一）网络应用模型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89DNS-%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span class="toc-number">6.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">（二）DNS 系统</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89FTP"><span class="toc-number">6.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">（三）FTP</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">6.6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">（四）电子邮件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89WWW"><span class="toc-number">6.6.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">（五）WWW</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div class="aside-list"><div class="aside-list-item"><a class="thumbnail" href="/2021/08/01/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9F%9F/" title="跨域问题"><img data-lazy-src="https://jzhmcoo1-1258918430.cos.ap-shanghai.myqcloud.com/markdown/20210801204426-browser.png" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='/img/404.jpg'" alt="跨域问题"/></a><div class="content"><a class="title" href="/2021/08/01/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9F%9F/" title="跨域问题">跨域问题</a><time datetime="2021-08-01T12:42:27.000Z" title="发表于 2021-08-01 20:42:27">2021-08-01</time></div></div><div 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